| ccNSO | The ccNSO is in the process of being established, with the ccNSO Assistance Group preparing the recommendations that are currently under discussion. Upon completion, the purpose of the ccNSO is to engage and provide leadership in activities relevant to country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs). This is achieved by 1) Developing policy recommendations to the ICANN Board, 2) Nurturing consensus across the ccNSO’s community, including the name-related activities of ccTLDs; and 3) Coordinating with other ICANN SO’s, Committees, or constituencies under ICANN. The ccNSO selects one person to serve on the board. More information in ICANN Bylaws. |
| ccTLD | Country Code TLD referring to the ISO Country CodificationccTLDs are considered as a property of national administrations |
| DNS | Domain Name SystemThe key component of naming system that translates a name into an IP address |
| DNSSEC | The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a protocol designed to authenticate the origin of DNS data and guarantee DNS data integrity.It prevent any attack like filling a intermediate domain name server’s temporary memory (cache) with false information that would redirect a user towards a fake server. |
| Domain Name | A set of strings – 2 at least – separated by a dot. The last string is the TLD. |
| Escrow | A third party service that will essentially hold on to the buyer’s payment when selling a domain name, thereby protecting both the buyer and seller. |
| EPP | Extensible Provisioning Protocol – Protocol used between Registries and Registrar to prevent Domain hijacking. It refer to a “EPP Code” that can be only used by the Domain owner in case of any sensitive operation like a transfer |
| GAC | Government Advisory Committee. The GAC is an advisory committee comprising appointed representatives of national governments, multi-national governmental organizations and treaty organizations, and distinct economies. Its function is to advise the ICANN Board on matters of concern to governments. The GAC will operate as a forum for the discussion of government interests and concerns, including consumer interests. As an advisory committee, the GAC has no legal authority to act for ICANN, but will report its findings and recommendations to the ICANN Board. The Secretariat of the GAC is based at the European Commission. Source ICANN |
| gNSO | The GNSO is the body of six constituencies, as follows: the Commercial and Business constituency, the gTLD Registry constituency, the ISP constituency, the non-commercial constituency, the registrar’s constituency, and the IP constituency.More information in ICANN Bylaws.gNSO is in charge of the new gTLD policy. |
| gTLD | Generic TLD referring to all domains other than ccTLD. com, net, org, edu, mil are the historical extensions. Others were adopted later: aero, biz, coop, info, museum, name, pro in 2000, then asia, cat, jobs, mobi, tel, post, mail, travel after a call in 2004. The xxx that applied at the same period was only allowed to open after a long controversy.In June 2011, ICANN adopted a new policy that allow any organisation to apply for any extension (city, region, company, brand, community …). |
| IANA | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority |
| ICANN | The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN,) is a non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, United States, that was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998[1] to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).ICANN is responsible for managing the Internet Protocol address spaces (IPv4 and IPv6) and assignment of address blocks to regional Internet registries, for maintaining registries of Internet protocol identifiers, and for the management of the top-level domain name space (DNS root zone), which includes the operation of root name servers. Most visibly, much of its work has concerned the introduction of new generic top-level domains (TLDs). The technical work of ICANN is referred to as the “IANA function”.ICANN’s primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; to promote competition; to achieve broad representation of global Internet community; and to develop policies appropriate to its mission through bottom-up, consensus-based processes.On September 29, 2006, ICANN signed a new agreement with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) that moves the private organization towards full management of the Internet’s system of centrally coordinated identifiers through the multi-stakeholder model of consultation that ICANN represents. Source Wikipedia |
| IDNs | International Domain Names. IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet “a-z”. An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European “0-9″. The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed “ASCII characters” (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of “Unicode characters” that provides the basis for IDNs.The “hostname rule” requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen “-”. The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. |
| IP Address | An Internet Protocol Address is the numerical address that identifies the technical location of a system, service or application within the IP global network.IPv4 that is the version of Addressing System that is the most widely deployed is made of 4 numbers (0 to 255 or in Hexadecimal from 00 to FF) like “192.68.81.80” (or C4:B0:41:20). In the Hexadecimal format, each digit from 0 to F represent 4bits, ie an address with 8 HEX digits represents 32bits. The amount of IPv4 addresses is 232ie 3.4 billions. However, the global internet network faces to the shortage of IPv4 addresses.IPv6, the new release of IP Address system have a potential of 2128 addresses. |
| Landrush | Period that occurs just when the TLD is launched.eg Case of Eurid: “On 7 April 2006 at 11 am CET registration became possible for non-trademark holders. Most people requesting domains had asked their registrars to put their requested domains in a queue, ensuring the best chance to register a domain. This way more than 700,000 domains were registered during the first 4 hours of operation. Some large registrars like Go Daddy and small registrars like Dotster suffered from long queues and unresponsiveness, allowing people to ‘beat the queue’ by registering through a registrar that had already processed its queue. By August 2006, 2 Million .eu domains had been registered. It is now the third largest domain in Europe, after .de and .uk, and is the seventh largest internationally.” Source Wikipedia |
| Registrar | The organisation that sells a domain name to the final costumer. An Accredited Registrar is a registrar who have signed an agreement with ICANN |
| Registrant | The individual or organisation that registers a domain name. He is considered as the owner but needs to respect Intellectual Property Rights and Trademarks obligations. |
| Registry | Organisation responsible for providing DNS operations and zone file publication for a TLD. He manages the registrant database related to that TLD. |
| Reseller | Domain seller that have an agreement with a Accredited Registrar |
| Resolution | Domain name resolvers determine the appropriate domain name servers responsible for the domain name in question by a sequence of queries starting with the right-most (top-level) domain label. Name servers in delegations are identified by name, rather than by IP address. This means that a resolving name server must issue another DNS request to find out the IP address of the server to which it has been referred. Source and details on Wikipedia. |
| Root | Refer to the “root name server” and the “Root Zone”. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests returning a list of the designated authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet because they are the first step in translating (resolving) human readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts. Source Wikipedia. |
| Second Level Domain / SLD | The second level in the hierarchy of domain name when an organisation decides to define a specific domain nomenclature beyond this SLD. eg: company.co.uk, education.gouv.fr … and tomorrow xxxxxx.hotel.city or xxxxx.education.region |
| SRS | Shared registration System. SRS was created in 1999. In order to open access to domain registration services to registrars. The concept has evolved and refers to the mechanisms and organisation that really allows registrars to access to the registration services without any constraints other than complying to usual obligation among them EPP. |
| Sunrise | Period, before opening an Internet extension, when individual or organisation can reserve a domain.eg Case of .eu: “The first phase, which began on 7 December 2005 was to facilitate applications by registrants with prior rights based on trademarks and geographic names. The second phase began on 7 February 2006 and covered company, trade and personal names. In the case of all Sunrise applications, the application needed to be accompanied by documents proving the claim to ownership of a certain right. On 7 February 2006, the registry was opened for company, trade and personal names. In the first 15 minutes, there were 27,949 total applications, and after one hour, 71,235.” Source Wikipedia |
| TLD | Top Level Domain. First level of Internet domain names in the naming hierachy |
| Vertical Integration | Right allow to one organisation to provide Registry and Registrar services. Totally forbidden by ICANN policy before 2011, it has been approved in the framework of the new gTLD policy. |
| WHOIS | Services that describes details related to the Domain Registrant |
| Zone File | File that contain the information needed for naming resolution. |
| gTLD Team – ITEMS International – 2011 | |
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